Comments On: Nat. Geo.'s Among the Wild Chimpanzees

Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 1 of 9]
For centuries there were fearsome tales of a half human monster roaming the African forest. Even in modern time knowledge of the elusive creature, the wild chimpanzee, was largely base on speculation. Then in 1960 a daring young English women set out to sort fiction from truth. She had been warned, "You'll never get near the chimpanzees." But she was determined to try. Her named, Jane Goodall. She was 26 and she was destined to make scientific history.
Against odds many thought were insurmountable, she gradually earned the chimpanzees' trust. The picture that has emerged is an awesome portrait of the animals most like man. The similarities to humans are startling. The obvious physical resemblance. The discovery that they hunt and eat meat. The even more profound revelation they are intelligent enough to make and use tools. And in their non-verbal comunication prehaps the most uncanny resemblance of all.
Meticulously documented on motion picture film, Jane Goodall's classic study stretches from 1960 to the present day. A compelling chronicle that spans three generations of chimps, it is the longest study of any wild animal group in the world. Unexpectedly one of its recent chapters took a forbidden turn. The usually gentle, amiable chimps revealed a dark and sinister side. Puzzling savage behavour as yet unexplained. And so the Saga goes on. The remarkable adventure of the chimpanzees and the dedicated woman who works for them still.
Growing up and born in England Jane Goodall was drawn to the world of animals almost from the start. When her mother gave the infant a chimp doll outraged friends predicted nightmares. The could not have been more wrong.
"Even when I was very tiny I was absolutely fascinated by animals. I think I first began to dream of going to Africa after reading Doctor Doolittle and Tarzan when I was about eight. I was absolutely fascinated with the idea of being out in the jungle, out with the animals, being a part of it all."
Famed anthropologist Louis Leakey had long searched for someone to study wild chimpanzee for clues to the behavior of early man.
"I want someone unbiased by academic learning." He said. "Someone with uncommon patients and dedication."
His faith in Jane Goodall would lead to the most important scientific studies of our time.
Her journey would take Goodall to the East Africa country, Tanzania, then known as Tanganyika. The remote Gombe Stream Game Reserve stretches about ten miles of rugged mountainous country along the shore of Lake Tanganyika. And so, on the fourteenth July of 1960, Jane Goodall was four thousand mile from home. A tiny boat her only link to the civilized world.
"When I arrived at the Gombe Stream Reserve I felt that at long last my childhood ambition was being realized. But when I look at the wild and rugged mountains where the wild chimpanzees lived I knew my task was not going to be easy." Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 2 of 9]
Day to day life in this remote wilderness would be difficult at best. The local authorities, horrified of the thought a young white woman alone in the wild, at first refused Jane permission to come. Agreeing only when she said she would bring a companion. Besides from her mother and an African cook Jane would spend the next several months virtually alone. It was already late afternoon when the tents were pitched and provisions stored but after twenty years of dreaming this day she was eager to begin. Unarmed and untrained she ventured into a strange new world. At most this would be a lonely and forbidden realm. But for Jane Goodall it was where she most wanted to be.
"During my first days at Gombe I could hardly believe it was true. At last I was out in the wild. I didn't see any animals but I had a feeling they were all around, watching me. There were rustles in the undergrowth, strange calls, smells I could not identify."
For months the object of her search invariably fled at the mere sight of her. Often she couldn't find them at all. It was a steep rigorous climb to the open ridges above but, perhaps, she hoped a way to pinpoint the nomadic apes below.
"I discovered, not far from camp, that there was a peak overlooking two valleys. And from this vantage point I was able to gradually piece together the daily behavior of the chimps. The major advantage of the peak is that the chimps could see me sitting up there and gradually get use to my presence."
Sitting quietly in the same spot day after day, always dressed in the same neutral colors, never attempting to follow the shy apes, the figure on the peak gradually became less of a threat. It would be some time, however, before Jane would be accepted at closer range. Though the chimps now recognize the intruder her intent was not quite clear. Jane had to accept the realization that for the time being at least much her knowledge would be based on indirect evidence like an abandon sleeping nest high in the trees. Jane found the nest was not simply just a pile of wadded leaves but a carefully interweaved platform created by dexterous hands and a reasoning brain. But the intelligent creature who made it long since moved on. Impatient with her slow progress with the chimp she stretched the day until the finally rays of the setting sun. Her first meal was in twelve hours after a long and frustrating day.
"As I'm not a defeatist it only made my determination to succeed stronger. I never had any thought of quitting. I should forever have lost all self-respect if I had given up."
So days that began before dawn reached well past midnight and for long as it would take tomorrow would be the same. Even when there were no chimps to be found there was always much to be done. Samples of plants that chimps eat would be preserved for latter identification. There was a new language to learn, tribal customs to absorb. A makeshift clinic helped cement good relations with the local villagers. With camp life settling into a comfortable routine, Gombe increasingly became Jane Goodall's private world. Though her staff was growing outsiders till now had not been welcome less they frighten the chimps. But at Louis Leakeys urging she aggreed a perminant film record of the chimps be made. To shield herself from the cameraman she built a bind, a screen of leaves. Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 3 of 9]
Hugo Van Lawick is specialist in wildlife primarily funded by National Geographic Society. Over the coming years he and Goodall would capture details chimp behavior never before dreamed possible. They found that chimpanzees are nomadic. Traveling in ever changing groups in the daily search for food. Wanderings that could take them two to six mile in a single day. They are animals of dramatic extremes. Noisy and excitable one minute and calm and gentle the next. It seemed that Jane's camouflage had failed. But why didn't the chimps flee? Apparently the blind gave reassurance that the humans would stay where they were, represented no threat.
To satisfy their hunger on diet that is largely vegetation chimps eat up to seven hours a day. Much of their diet is fruit but they also feed on leaves, blossoms, seeds and stems. After congregating at a feeding source several individual may rest and groom together then separate once again. The only stable group in the community is a mother and her young. Males take no part in child rearing. Contrary to common belief, Chimps do not have fleas. Mutual grooming does remove flakes of dried skin and grass seeds but physical contact for its own sake seems to be the primary goal. Not much interest in acquired pursuits youngster have better things to do like playing in trees.
"The chimps, very gradually, came to realize I was not dangerous after all. I shall never forget the day after eighteen months when for the first time when a small group allowed me to approach and be near them. Finally, I had been accepted. I think it was tone of he proudest and most exciting moments of my whole life."
Chimpanzees are as distinct from one another as are human beings and Jane gave them names as she got to recognize them. Old Flo with her bulbous nose and ragged ears is matriarch of the family Jane would come to know best. At seven weeks infant Flint is still completely dependent on Flo. Flo's adolescence son, Figan play with his younger sister Fefe. Even fully mature Faben often stays with the family. Ever since Flint's birth his sister Fefe has been fascinated by the baby. Repeatedly, she tries to touch and groom him. The older chimps, less interested in babies, tend to ignore Flint. But Fefe is persistent. Actually trying to take the infant from Flo. Though protective of her newborn Flo is never rough with Fefe. When she has had a enough she simply walks off leaving Fefe looking rather frustrated.
Another groups arrival signaled by a chorus of hootting calls. Adult males dominate chimp society and much preoccupied by their position in the hierarchy. In the effort to better his rank the male puts on an awesome charging display. With hair bristling and vegetation flying the male makes himself appear larger and more dangerous than he actually is. Intended to intimidate rivals is usually nothing more than superb bluff. One infant male already has the idea and tries but he does not yet have the coordinate. After displays of aggression the dominate chimp often reassures those that are frightened or hurt and thus tension is defused, harmony restored. One male rose to the top of the hierarchy by intelligence rather than by strength. Mike discovered by rolling empty kerosine cans from Jane's camp made a horrifying noise. Originally one of the lowest ranking males, Mike was then number one. Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 4 of 9]
Close to where they are feeding when dust falls the chimpanzees will build sleeping nests for the night thirty to forty feet up into the trees. After choosing a suitable foundation such as a horizonal fork the chimp takes only three to five minutes to bend down branches then twigs to create a comfortable padded bed.
The cycle of Jane's days was now blended with the rhythms of the chimps. When they nested near the peak, she often slept there to be with them at the first light of dawn.
"There is a special fascination about the southern night fall in the forest. When the sounds of the day give place to the more mysterious sounds and the rustles of the night. I always enjoyed these nights on the peak. I felt part of the mountain world around me, completely alone, completely at peace."
With creature comforts long since forsaken Jane found increasing pleasures in her wilderness world. But as she soon discovered human creature comforts not without an appeal to some. A chimp had wandered into camp and found a supply tent where bananas were stored. Because he had been to camp before when Jane was in the forest she had a prearranged signal to call her back.
"It was thrilling after all this time to find a chimp actually in my camp. It was David Gray Beard a male I had already come to know out in the forest."
David's boldness mark a turning point for Jane. After the endless months she searched for them the chimps following David's lead now came to her. Gradually their inherent fear gave way and an offer of friendship was accepted with trust. If she could lure the chimps into camp regularly Jane realized her observations could be far more consistent than chance encounters in the forest. Bananas were the answer. The scheme was not without its flaws as the local baboons quickly proved. David Gray Bread repeatedly ran to his friend more powerful Goliath for protection. Goliath came to David's defense. The baboon knew which chimp was afraid and it was David he went for, every time.
Because of the trust establish in camp tracking the chimps in the forest became much easier for Jane. She was able to follow and document in detail the development of Flo's infant son, Flint. At six month Flint is learning to ride on his mother's back. But sometimes he doesn't get it quite right. At around the same age he takes his first tottering steps. When he stumbles and whimpers Flo quickly rescues him. Flo is a particularly affectionate, tolerant and playful mother. And because much maternal behavior is learned she is the role model for her daughter Fefe. As Flint grows older Flo permits Fefe to take him for brief periods of time. Such experiences provide important training for the future when young females mature and have offspring of their own. About the time Flo begin carries Flint on her back Fefe tries to imitate Flo. Though unsuccessful the attempt marks an important milestone in her learning experience.
Mandy is a young female would has just had her first baby. Fefe has never seen the baby before and is intrigued. For the moment at least this is something more interesting then Flint. As Mandy settles down Fefe comes for closer look at this newest member of the community. All youngster at Gombe are interested in new babies. But Jane had never seen one that showed more fascination than Fefe. .Fefe studies and concentrates on the baby. Mandy is not worried by Fefe's presence. But when adolescent male Figan approaches she nervously moves off. Both Fefe and Figan are fascinated by the smell of Mandy's baby. Fefe persistant as ever follows Mandy. Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 5 of 9]
Fefe has followed Mandy up a tree and now attempt to touch the baby. Mandy gently fends her off. Meanwhile even Flint is curious about another infant younger than he. But Flo is ready to move on in search of food and she lets Flint know its time to go. Fefe still engrossed with Mandy's baby does not notice that they leave. When she finally looks for her mother, Flo is out of sight. At six Fefe is still quite dependant on her mother and cries in distress. She has no idea in what direction Flo has gone. Normally Flo would come at Fefe's cries but could not hear her above the growing storm. Although chimps seem miserable in the rain surprisingly they make little effort to find shelter. Even in a torrential downpour they just sit and wait it out. Long committed to observing chimps seven days a week Jane ignored the rain. Searching for the lost Fefe she saw something remarkable instead. The male Goliath preforming a spectacular display. Enthraled by the magnificent rain dance Jane would later write, "With display of vigor and strength such as this primitive man himself might challenge the elements."
Twenty minutes later the rain dance was over as suddenly as it begun. Among Goliath's audience Jane spotted Flo and Flint. From her tall lookout Fefe saw them too. Strong family ties temporally broken by the storm were once again intact.
The rainy season brings the flight of fertile winged termites as they leave their nest to establish new colonies. For chimp and baboon alike they are a tasty delicacy. But baboons can only capture the termites outside the nest as the swarms emerge and fly. When they are have gone and the worker termites have resealed the nest the baboons will move on. But the chimps not only know termites are there hidden beneath the surface they have learned how to get at them. Using a grass stem as a tool the chimp push it into the termite nest. In defense of the nest the termites grip onto the grass with upmost care the chimp gently draws them out. As a stem becomes bent the chimp breaks of the end to make it work more efficiently. Sometimes a leafy twig is selected but first it has to be striped of its leaves. In these actions modifying natural items for a specific purpose the chimp is not only using but actually making tools. It seems certain that this is a learned behavior past from generation to generation by watching and imitation. Flint does not yet know how to fish for termites but already he imitates part of Flo's technique. Jane's video proof that chimps make and use tools would rock the scientific world.
"Tool using always use to be considered a hallmark of the human species. When Louis Leakey first heard about tool using in Gombe he got extremely excited and said now we have to redefine man, redefine tool or include chimpanzees with humans."
A chimpanzee brain will never design a computer nor even imagine a durable tool chipped from stone. But his brain is more similar to our own than is that of any other living creature. And surely it was thus that our distant human ancestors began learning to master nature world in the constant struggle to survive. To a thirsty chimp rainwater trapped in the hollow of a tree is inviting but not easily reached. Once again the chimps have learned to solve a problem by fashioning a tool. Wadded leaves act as a sponge. Chewing make them more absorbent. Using the sponge the chimp can get as much as eight times more water than with fingers alone. Inherently curious youngsters like Fefe learn from older chimps thus the technique is passed on. Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 6 of 9]
Baboons at Gombe out number the chimpanzees by about four to one . For the most part the two species co-exist peacefully. But the baboon is a competitor for food and friction can arise. Because he has the intelligence to use a weapon yet another type of tool even a youngster can intimidate a fully grown male baboon with a stick. The bluff works. but as Jane would find out sometimes the aggression is very real. A young baboon has been captured and killed by a group of chimps and they will feast on it remains. Jane's discovery astounded the scientific world. The chimp is not the gentle vegetarian like we had thought but like humans formidable predator. Sometimes cooperating to hunt and stalk their prey they also kill young antelope, bush pigs, monkeys. For the most part chimps eat meat only they themselves have killed.
Indeed, a dead animal is often a puzzling sight. When renown animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz saw a sequence of Jane's film of a chimp intently studying a small dead animal he said, "Ah, here we have the world's first zoologist."
With Gombe's growing fame visiting students and scientists became regular part of the scene. One day as part of a project to record chimpanzee calls Jane put out bananas in great quantities. The result an eruption frenzy excitement, desperate begging and violent aggression. Because of the excessive hostilities arouse Jane disapproved of such human intervention. But the episode was not without value. Revealing the intricate patterns of chimpanzee dominance and submission and the chimps intense need of reassurance by touch. The sounds of the encounter were carefully analyzed by students specializing in chimpanzee vocalization.
With the pasting years Gombe drew students from around the world with interest ranging from biology to communication to psychology. They came because of Jane and the unique opportunities of the living laboratory she created there. To avoid future aggression of the bananas Jane devised system of rationing by remote control. Now the chimps were fed only if they arrived alone or in small groups and then just once in ten days. Apparently not happy with this new state of affairs the ever creative chimps made their wishes known.
The Chimps presence in camp provided an opportunity for experiments not possible in the forest. How would they react to something new? All chimpanzees are intensely curious but often afraid of the unfamiliar. When Jane shows Flint a toy chimpanzee about his own size. For the first time Flint attempts the typical male intimidation display. Pulling vegetaion and stamping. Later Jane put out a mirror. It was clearly a fascinating mystery to the young Flint.
In retrospect, Jane will say that had she had known that the study would continue indefinitely she would not have encourage contact between herself and the chimps. For one thing they are stronger than humans and if they loose their fear dangerous. Indeed, in the future Jane would minimize all interaction with the chimps. But for the moment after the long struggle for acceptance David's silent consent to be groomed was a prize beyond measure. Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 7 of 9]
In 1966 tragedy strikes an epidemic spreads from a nearby village and Gombe awakes to the devastation of polio.
"Nothing that has happen at Gombe before or since has been so horrible, nothing! They were among the darkest days of my life, a living nightmare. The worse tragedy was old Mr. MacGregor. He lost the use of both of his legs and he could only move by pulling himself along the ground by his arms. The other chimps were frightened by this strangeness and shunned Old Gregor. Only his close relative, Humphrey, stayed nearby. The mother, Ollie, has lost her month old infant to the disease. Thought she knows her is not alive. She carries his dead body for three days. Polio vaccine is flown and fed to the chimps in bananas. But for many it is too late. Flo's son, Faben, paralyzed in one arm protects it by walking long distances upright. To get food, Mr. MacGregor had learned to pull himself into trees with the strength of his arms alone. But he dislocates a shoulder while trying to climb and now can no longer move at all. Jane knew she had but one choice. Her long time friend must be shot."
But 1967 would bring joy. Married three years Hugo and Jane now had a son. Little Hugo nicknamed Grub would grow up in a world most children never even see. Spending less time at work to be with Grub Jane modeled her behavior after the affectionate, patient, chimp mother she had long observed. Gombe was the ideal place to raise a child she said. You could focus on the important things in life, family, unity with all living creatures, being apart of the natural world. As she watched her own son grow Jane continued to tract the development of Flo's son Flint who was now four and a half. Pregnant with her fifth child, Flo was increasing her attempts to wean Flint. Typical of youngsters his age he resisted. Still trying to suckle and demanding to ride on Flo despite his large size. When denied his way Flint threw violent temper tantrums. Even hitting and biting his mother.
"Perhaps, because she was too old to cope Flo often gave in and let Flint have his way. Later this would have grave consequences."
Later that year the baby was born and Jane named her Flame. Still attached to the placenta Flame was just a few hours old. Because females give birth only every five to six years, a new born always stirs curiosity among the youngster. Jane wondered what the birth would mean to Flint. Flint's behavior would be expected to change with the new arrive but instead he was getting worse.
"Even after the birth of his sibling when most youngster become more independent, Flint continued to pester his mother for attention. And more often than not Flo gave into his demands." Even with Flame at Flo's breasts Flint would sometimes try to suckle. Six months later while Flo was ill Flame disappeared never to be seen again. With no baby to care for now Flo stop even trying to encourage Flint's independence. Jane wondered if Flint would remain an infant forever. Life expectancy of a wild chimpanzee is guessed at around forty to fifty years. Flo now well past forty was feeble and worn. Spending most of her time resting quietly near Flint.
"Although I knew that Flo had become very old, indeed, it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream. For me it was like loosing an old friend, for Flint it was like loosing his whole world. Flint stayed by himself close to the place that Flo had died. He ate very little and became increasingly lethargic and depressed. Finally in this state of grieving he grew sick. Three and a half weeks after loosing his mother Flint died too." Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 8 of 9]
Today the name Jane Goodall is almost synonymous with animal research. An accomplished author, speaker and now a PH.D. she is sought all over the world. A rarity among scientists she has become a celebrity in her own right. Where ever she goes on her latest lecture tours eager crowds gather to hear about new chapters in the chimps' lives. Gombe which once was under British control and a game reserve now is under an independent government and a national park. The original tents have been replace with wood structures and Tanzanian citizens have been trained to continue Jane's research seven days a week. Like Gombe itself it seems the chimps have changed too.
"If I had left as Louis Leakey predicted after ten years we would have a very different picture of the chimpanzee to that which we have today. People's idea of the gentle savage would have been exemplified by way of life of the chimps. I started off studying one community and in 1972 that community divided into two. And one part of it moved down into the south the range the whole community had shared. Two years later a series of events began which were amongst the most horrifying we had seen at Gombe. The males of the larger community the ones we are studying today systematically began to hunt down individuals of the smaller southern community, to attack them when they found them on their own or in small groups. And within a four year period every one of the seven males and at least one of the three females that had moved to the south had disappeared. The sequence of events that occurred during this warfare were really shocking because these attacks were not over in one minute they lasted twenty minutes. They were gang attacks where between three and six adult males together attacked one victim. The victim was rendered senseless virtually crouching on the ground not even trying to fight back. And yet they would pound him. They would drag him. They would bite him. They would smash him. One of them had a broken leg. One of them had a great piece of skin ripped from his thigh. These were very, very brutal attacks. I think it is horrifying to consider just because we know how aggressive the chimpanzee can be that this makes him even more like humans than I though before."
While the male gang violence was a profoundly dramatic event much of Jane's work evolved around subtle intricacies of the day to day family life. Her observation of Flo and Flint taught her just how powerful a mother's influence can be. The ten years since Flo has died Jane has followed her family into its third generation. Flo's daughter Fefe is now mother herself. Like Flo, Fefe is a extremely playful and tolerant mother. Her son Frodo is a striking resemblance to his dead Uncle Flint and young Franni evokes images of Fefe herself as a child. An adolescent Freud a visible reminder of Figan as he matured.
As she watches Getty the youngest member of the Gombe community secure in his mother's arms Jane reflects on ten other infants who over a course of four years met a gruesome fate.
"It was one extremely horrifying day and I was in Dar Es Saalam and we were contacting Gombe by radio as we use to do every morning. And this strange message came over that the adult female Passion and her adolescent daughter Pom had seised a newborn infants from Gilka, Gilka one of the polio victims, a chimp I'd known since one year old. And this mother Passion had killed the baby. She, the daugther and son shared the body between them. I found this almost impossible to believe. But when I got to Gombe a week later it was indeed true." Brad and Trouble
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Among the Wild Chimpanzees: National Geographic [part 9 of 9]
"Over the next four years Passion and her daughter Pom were known to kill and eat three newborn babies. They were watched as they tried but failed to catch two more. We suspect in that four years in fact they were responsible for the deaths of ten newborn babies."
Jane had always described Passion as a some what unnatural mother. Cold and indifferent, indeed often callose to her youngsters. Yet Jane could not possibly have predicted that Passion would become a killer. Attacking with aggression so violent that she paid no attention to human observers even when they tried to intervene.
"Why did they do it? I really have no idea. I suspect it was an aberrant behavior. Shown first by the mother. Imitated by the daughter. It was perhaps the hardest thing to understand and to accept that ever happen at Gombe. And the descriptions of the attacks on this mothers are some of the most moving and horrifying descriptions that have taken place in all the 22 years. For instance when Passion together with Pom, two strong females, attacked Melissa with her three-week-old baby, Melissa's daughter, Gremlin, much younger than Pom, ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle, stood upright, looked into their eyes, looked back at the scene, and really seeming to be begging for help. But Passion and Pom were stronger than Melissa and they managed to seize the baby leaving Melissa terribly, badly wounded. The moment they had the baby and had killed it when Melissa went up to watch as they ate it. Passion reached out and embraced and kissed her as though to say, µI have no quarrel with you. I wanted your baby. Now I'm content'. As I said we just don't understand this behavior. Hopefully now this behavior is finished. Passion is dead. Pom showed no signs of doing this. And indeed on her own she is not capable of attacking another female and stealing her baby."
For now the warfare is over. The cannibalism has ceased. Gombe is quiet again except for the eternal sounds of the African.night. Then on a summer evening in 1982 a joyous chorus of human voices pervades the dark. An anniversary party celebrating 22 years of research at Gombe. To the assembled Gombe staff , their families and visiting friends, Jane praises the dedicated work of the men in their language. To share this night some have come by boat and others walked for miles. With traditional speeches and feasting they get together to toast the future and celebrate the past.
"After 22 years I have many, many fond memories of Gombe. Perhaps the one I like to think back on most was after having struggled, crawled through the undergrowth, climbed up to the peak and down again and searched. And being rewarded by seeing yes chimps. But chimps that ran away every time I went up to them. To have a chimpanzees just sit there and watch me and know I was there and not mind. That was a very, very wonderful moment. It was a tremendous feeling of accomplishment and exhilaration. Pride in the fact that been accepted. And a then rather different kind of memory was the first time that a wild chimpanzee mother came up to me and allowed her infant to reach out with that wondering expression in his eyes to touch me. And that of course that was Flo with her infant Flint. Thats another moment I'll never fortget." And thought it often seems like a lifetime ago she remembers them all. Three generations of chimps that who allowed her the privilege of entering their private world. Wild animals roaming free who permitted a human to live among them as a friend.
Today the direction of the study lies uncharted ahead to be written by the chimps themselves. Brad and Trouble

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